Not exactly, a jumper usually refers two or more pins in a row, two of which are shorted by a shorting link which depending on its position determins the how the equiment functions thus allowing a single PCB design to do several things, for example setting its video mode to PAL or NTSC.
Zero Ohm links are usually used to as a way of continuing a PCB track the has to pass over others predominately (but not always) used on single single PCBs, as JayBird said it allows automated construction of the PCB as opposed to people manually cutting, bending and soldering sections of wire in place.
Edited by Stephen Moss, Tue Aug 23, 2011 5:01 AM.